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TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE

MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO

translator, J.E. CRAWFORD FLITCH

DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC

New York

This Dover edition, first published in 1954, is anunabridged and unaltered republication of theEnglish translation originally published by Macmillanand Company, Ltd., in 1921. This editionis published by special arrangement with Macmillanand Company, Ltd.

The publisher is grateful to the Library of theUniversity of Pennsylvania for supplying a copy ofthis work for the purpose of reproduction.

Standard Book Number: 486-20257-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 54-4730

Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc.
180 Varick Street
New York, N.Y. 10014

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

I

THE MAN OF FLESH AND BONE

Philosophy and the concrete man—The man Kant, the manButler, and the man Spinoza—Unity and continuity of theperson—Man an end not a means—Intellectual necessitiesand necessities of the heart and the will—Tragic sense oflife in men and in peoples

II

THE STARTING-POINT

Tragedy of Paradise—Disease an element of progress—Necessityof knowing in order to live—Instinct of preservation andinstinct of perpetuation—The sensible world and the idealworld—Practical starting-point of all philosophy—Knowledgean end in itself?—The man Descartes—The longingnot to die

III

THE HUNGER OF IMMORTALITY

Thirst of being—Cult of immortality—Plato's "glorious risk"—Materialism—Paul's discourse to the Athenians—Intoleranceof the intellectuals—Craving for fame—Strugglefor survival

IV

THE ESSENCE OF CATHOLICISM

Immortality and resurrection—Development of idea of immortalityin Judaic and Hellenic religions—Paul and thedogma of the resurrection—Athanasius—Sacrament of theEucharist—Lutheranism—Modernism—The Catholicethic—Scholasticism—The Catholic solution

V

THE RATIONALIST DISSOLUTION

Materialism—Concept of substance—Substantiality of thesoul—Berkeley—Myers—Spencer—Combat of life withreason—Theological advocacy—Odium anti-theologicum—Therationalist attitude—Spinoza—Nietzsche—Truth and consolation